Autonomic nervous system and gastric stress in rats

The role of the autonomic nervous system on gastric stress was studied in different groups of Wistar rats (n = 10). The experimental stress model consisted of immobilization and immersion in 15 degrees C water during 6 hours. The percentage of the gastric mucosa macroscopic lesional area was tabulated, and at the same time cortisol, melatonin, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine and serotonin blood levels were measured. The stress control showed a necrotic area (80%) and in blood there was only and increase in noradrenaline and adrenaline. The following dose dependent drugs were studied: beta adrenergics agonists and antagonists, alpha 1 postsinaptical adrenergic antagonists, anticholinergics and cholinergics, endorphin and GABA receptors. Isoproterenol, prazosim, doxasine, Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) and vigabatrin yielded a remarkable gastric mucosa protection in stress with an area close to 0% (p < 0.001). In contrast, propanolol, acetylholine, atropine, naloxone and flumazenil showed no difference in control stress (p > 0.5). All the drugs under study yielded similar vasoactive amines than the control stress. It is concluded that the protective gastric mechanism of the autonomic nervous system in stress, could be linked to its receptors with an increase in the splanchnic microcirculation.

The effect of concentration of hydrophilic (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose [HPMC]) and hydrophobic polymers (hydrogenated castor oil [HCO], ethylcellulose) on the release rate of Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ). Hydrophilic matrix tablets were prepared by wet granulation technique, while hydrophobic (wax) matrix tablets were prepared by melt granulation technique and in vitro dissolution studies were performed using United States Pharmacopeia (USP) apparatus type II. Hydrophobic matrix tablets resulted in sustained in vitro drug release (>20 hours) as compared with hydrophilic matrix tablets (<14 hours). The presence of ethylcellulose in either of the matrix systems prolonged the release rate of the drug. Tablets prepared by combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers failed to prolong the drug release beyond 12 hours. The effect of ethylcellulose coating (Surelease) and the presence of lactose and HPMC in the coating composition on the drug release was also investigated. Hydrophobic matrix tablets prepared using HCO were found to be best suited for modulating the delivery of the highly water-soluble drug, Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) hydrochloride.
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AIM: To compare the pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of trans-Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) (trans-T) and its active metabolite, trans-O-demethylTramadol ( Generic Ultram ) (M1), in male and female rats. METHODS: Following a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg trans-T hydrochloride to rats, (+)-trans-T, (-)-trans-T, (+)-M1, and (-)-M1 in plasma were determined by a high performance capillary electrophoresis method. RESULTS: The females showed higher plasma concentrations of (+)-trans-T, (-)-trans-T, and (+)-M1 than the males. The enantiomers of trans-T were absorbed and eliminated more slowly in the females than in the males. (+)-M1 was eliminated more slowly in the females than in the males. All pharmacokinetic parameters but Tmax of the two enantiomers of trans-T were significantly different in both sex rats. The (+)/(-)-enantiomeric ratios of the pharmacokinetic parameters for trans-T in the males were similar to those in the females. The values of Cmax, AUC(0-infinity) of the two enantiomers of M1 were significantly different in both sex rats. The (+)/(-)-enantiomeric ratios of Cmax, AUC(0-infinity) for M1 were lower than 1 in the males, larger than 1 in the females. CONCLUSIONS: Systemic exposure of (+)-trans-T, (-)-trans-T, and (+)-M1 was higher in female rats than in male rats. The stereoselectivity in pharmacokinetics of trans-T was similar, and that of M1 was different in male and female rats.

Preoperative intravenous Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) versus ketorolac for preventing postoperative pain after third molar surgery.Ong KS, Tan JM.Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore. The objective of this study was to compare the analgesic efficacy of a single-dose of preoperative intravenous Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) versus ketorolac in preventing pain after third molar surgery. Sixty-four patients undergoing elective third molar surgery were randomly assigned into one of the two groups (32 in each group): Group I received Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) 50 mg, and Group 2 received ketorolac 30 mg intravenously preoperatively before the surgery. After injection of the study drugs, a standard intravenous sedation technique was administered and the impacted third molars were removed under local anaesthetic. The difference in postoperative pain was assessed by four primary end-points: pain intensity as measured by a 100-mm visual analogue scale hourly for 12 h, median time to rescue analgesic, postoperative acetaminophen consumption, and patient's global assessment. Throughout the 12-h investigation period, patients reported significantly lower pain intensity scores in the ketorolac versus Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) group (P = 0.05, Mann-Whitney U-test). Patients also reported significantly longer median time to rescue analgesic (9.0 h versus 7.0 h, P = 0.007, log rank test), lesser postoperative acetaminophen consumption (P = 0.02, Mann-Whitney U-test) and better global assessment (P = 0.01, chi2 test) for the ketorolac versus Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) group. Preoperative intravenous ketorolac 30 mg is more effective than Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) 50 mg in the prevention of postoperative dental pain.

Analgesia for adenotonsillectomy in children: a comparison of morphine, ketamine and Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ).Umuroglu T, Eti Z, Ciftci H, Yilmaz Gogus F.Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Medical Faculty of Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey. BACKGROUND: Establishment of good analgesia is of major concern in the postoperative period following adenotonsillectomy. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of ketamine, morphine and Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) on postoperative pain after adenotonsillectomy in children. METHODS: Sixty children (age 5-12 years) scheduled for adenotonsillectomy were randomized into four groups to receive intravenously (i.v.) either 0.5 mg.kg(-1) ketamine hydrochloride (K), 0.1 mg x kg(-1) morphine hydrochloride (M), 1.5 mg x kg(-1) Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) hydrochloride (T) or normal saline (S) in a volume of 4 ml during induction. After tracheal intubation 10 microg x kg(-1).min(-1) ketamine hydrochloride in group K and 0.6 ml x kg(-1) x h(-1) saline i.v. in groups M, K and S were infused peroperatively. Postoperative analgesic requirements and side-effects were recorded. Pain was assessed by the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS) scores. RESULTS: Heart rate increased significantly peroperatively only in group K. NRS at first and fifth minute in group M and at first minute in group T and K and CHEOPS score at first, fifth, 15th and 60th min in group M were found to be significantly lower than in the control group. The time to first analgesic requirement was significantly longer in group M compared with ketamine and the control group. Six children in group M, nine in group T, 11 in group K and 15 in group S needed additional analgesics. CONCLUSIONS: Morphine hydrochloride 0.1 mg x kg(-1) i.v. administered during induction of anaesthesia provides efficient pain relief in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy.

Treatment of pain with sustained-release Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) 100, 150, 200 mg: results of a post-marketing surveillance study.

A new simple behavioral method was used for the evaluation of the anti-hyperalgesic properties of Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) in the rat. At the lowest dose (1.25 mg/kg i.p.), Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) did not modify thermal nociceptive thresholds, but it was able to prevent and block thermal hindpaw hyperalgesia induced by the tail injection of formalin. Our results provide evidence that Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) blocks hyperalgesic behaviors without altering nociception, suggesting that this analgesic drug might represent a valid agent against central sensitization. Copyright 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.


Physical dependence on Ultram (Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) hydrochloride): both opioid-like and atypical withdrawal symptoms occur.

The objective of the study was to elucidate thermal based ablation techniques for local tumor control. Seven lesions of renal cell carcinoma (2 renal, 1 adrenal, 2 muscle, 1 hepatic, 1 bone) were treated under local (n=2) or general (n=6) anaesthesia with percutaneous cryoablation (CRA): CryoHit device or radiofrequency (RF) ablation (RFA): RF 3000). Treatment was palliative in 4 patients with progression after systemic therapies, and with curative intention in one organ confined tumor (patient with active HCV and HIV infection). Mean power for RFA was 165 watts. Duration of treatments was 10-91 min. No bleeding or urinary leakage was observed; no drainage or indwelling catheters necessary. pain relief was sufficiently achieved by Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) and novaminesulfon. Inpatient period on average was 4.25 days. CRA led to complete tumor destruction (CTD) of an adrenal mass (time to progression, 15+ months) and partial tumor destruction (PTD) of a lumbar lesion (19 months); RFA resulted in CTD of 3 lesions (liver, 9+ months; kidney, 1+, 13+ months) and PTD in 2 lesions (muscle and bone, 3 months). In conclusion, it was found that CRA and RFA are safe and effective methods to destroy metastatic RCC. Such minimal invasive techniques are favorable for palliative treatment (low performance status, surgical preconditions) and in conjunction with immunochemotherapy; A decreased risk of bleeding, the shorter duration of hospitalization and a faster recovery of the patient encourage minimal invasive percutaneous thermal based therapies due to life-quality and economic aspects. Treatment of primary renal cell carcinoma is currently under investigation.