Influence of complex solubility on formulations based on lambda carrageenan and basic drugs.

We have used the sucrose gap method to measure the effects of drugs on the electrophysiological properties of rat sciatic nerves. The results showed that 4-aminopyridine produced a slight conduction block, prolonged the duration of action potential, enhanced the hyperpolarizing afterpotential, and elicited a hump that followed the action potential. In the presence of 4-aminopyridine, the impulse-blocking activity of lidocaine and Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) was enhanced. Both lidocaine and Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) effectively depressed the delayed depolarization generated by 4-aminopyridine. While Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) decreased the activity-evoked hyperpolarizing afterpotentials, lidocaine completely removed them. These findings indicate that lidocaine may be more effective in blocking the Na(+) channels than Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ). Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) may be more effective on the delayed rectifier K(+) channels than lidocaine. Copyright 2003 S. Karger AG, Basel

Premedication with Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) in patients undergoing colonoscopy: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study.Grossi L, Cappello G, Marzio L.Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, School of Gastroenterology, Unit of Internal Medicine I, Ospedale Spirito Santo, Pescara, Italy.Colonoscopy is often disturbed by poor patient tolerance; benzodiazepines or opiates are routinely used to overcome such problems, despite the possibility of undesired effects. Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ), an opiate analogue with potentially fewer side effects, has not been tested yet to this end. The aim of the study was therefore to evaluate the efficacy of Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) as a premedication for the colonoscopic procedure. Fifty patients were randomly allocated to receive an i.v. infusion of 100 ml saline, with 100 mg Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) or alone, before endoscopy. At the end of the procedure patients were asked to score the discomfort experienced and to give an exam evaluation. The endoscopist also analyzed his performance. Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) patients reported a pain score of 39 +/- 10 (mean +/- SE), compared to 45 +/- 8 for the placebo group (P = 0.25); the evaluation of endoscopy was also similar (Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ), 66 +/- 12; placebo, 70 +/- 9; P = 0.15). The endoscopist also reported a similar score (65 +/- 4 after Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ); 69 +/- 4 after placebo; P = 0.2). No significant sex- or age-related differences were detected. We conclude that Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ), at least as a monotherapy, seems scarcely effective for controlling pain evoked by colonoscopy.

Dose- and time-dependent action of morphine, Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) and flupirtine as studied by radioelectroencephalography in the freely behaving rat.

The necessity of testing psychoactive drugs in awake freely moving animals has led to the development of a telemetry-based system which enables the pharmacologist to follow centrally active molecules in their time- and dose-dependent effects on electric brain activity in terms of changes in spectral power density of extracellularly recorded field potentials (tele-EEG). This report describes the effect of three analgesics with respect to bioelectric changes in frontal cortex, thalamus, striatum and reticular formation. Two opiate drugs, morphine and Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ), behaved very similarly despite a tenfold difference in dosage, whereas flupirtine, a nonopiate analgesic, changed the frequency content of the EEG signals in an entirely different manner. The frequency pattern produced by the opiates closely resembles that of centrally acting serotonin uptake inhibitors and thus is consistent with the view of a serotonergic prevalence of neurochemical interactions within the recorded brain areas. In contrast, the action of flupirtine obviously can be attributed to a clonidine-like effect on noradrenergic alpha 2-receptors. The results are discussed with respect to already known influences of these drugs on indoleaminergic and catecholaminergic transmission.

Simultaneous stereoselective analysis of Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) and its main phase I metabolites by on-line capillary zone electrophoresis-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

On-line combination of partial filling capillary electrophoresis and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was demonstrated for the simultaneous enantioseparation of Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) and its main phase I metabolites. The partial filling technique was efficient at avoiding MS contamination by the chiral selector. Different experimental factors were investigated, including the chiral selector nature and concentration, plug length as well as the separation temperature. The best enantioseparation of the investigated compounds was achieved with a coated polyvinyl alcohol capillary and a 40 mM ammonium acetate buffer, pH 4.0, adding sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin (2.5 mg/ml) as the chiral selector. The charged cyclodextrin not only allowed enantioseparation of Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) and its metabolites, but also improved the selectivity of compounds with the same molecular mass. Finally, CE-electrospray ionisation-MS was successfully applied to the stereoselective analysis of Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) and its main metabolites in plasma after a simple liquid-liquid extraction.

Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) infusion anesthesia with the substitution of enflurane and various nitrous oxide concentrations

The synthetic opioid Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) was given to 40 patients during surgery according to a fixed, calculated infusion scheme. Anesthesia was started with thiopental and the patients were given different nitrous oxide concentrations via a semi-open system (group 1: 60%, group 2: 75%). The aim of this study was to clarify whether this anaesthetic procedure is practicable or whether it has grave disadvantages in comparison with the anesthesia models used so far. Furthermore we wanted to clarify whether under this infusion scheme the proportion of N2O in the inspiratory mixture is sufficient or whether higher concentrations are required. In 24 of 40 patients analgesia or the depth of anaesthesia was insufficient so that additional enflurane application was necessary. Postoperative respiratory depression in three patients had to be treated with naloxone. The advantages of this procedure are the safe and easy practicability, absence of significant changes in the haemodynamic parameters, good postoperative response of the patients and postoperative pain relief as well as the low incidence of postoperative side effects such as nausea, vomiting and CO2-retention.


The pupillary effects of intravenous morphine, codeine, and Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) in volunteers.Knaggs RD, Crighton IM, Cobby TF, Fletcher AJ, Hobbs GJ.University Department of Anaesthesia, Queen's Medical Centre, University Hospital, Nottingham, UK.Opioid analgesics have pharmacological effects in many organ systems, including the eye. Because the metabolites of morphine and codeine contribute to their overall pharmacological effect pupil diameter measurements were made over a 6-h period. We studied the pupillary effects of IV morphine (0.125 mg/kg), codeine (1 mg/kg), Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) (1.25 mg/kg), or placebo (10 mL 0.9% w/v sodium chloride) in 10 healthy volunteers. Pupil diameter was measured every 30 min using a pupil densitometer. Comparisons of the change in pupil diameter for each drug were made using analysis of variance with repeated measures. No significant change in pupil diameter was observed after placebo. After IV morphine and codeine administration there was a 26% decrease in pupil diameter (P < 0.001). Over the course of the study period, pupil diameter gradually returned to baseline values. After administration of Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) there were no significant changes in pupil diameter until 150 min after administration, after which there was a significant reduction for the remainder of the study period (P < 0.01). The changes in pupil diameter may be explained in part by the pharmacokinetic profiles of the opioids studied. Measurement of pupil diameter may have a place in monitoring the central effect of opioids.