Herpes simplex infections are common, unsightly, and embarrassing. When they appear in their most common location, around the mouth and lips, people often refer to them as "cold sores" and "fever blisters." The herpes virus has two forms called - type I and type II. In general, type I infections occur above the waist, while type II infections occur below the waist. Type II infections are associated with genital herpes. However, the distinction between types I and II herpes is not absolute. Clinically, the distinction doesn't matter a great deal since a determination between the two types plays no role in diagnosing and treating people with herpes infections in everyday practice. The most striking characteristic of herpes infections, no matter where they occur on the body, is their tendency to recur in more or less the same place. Such recurrences may happen often (for example, once a month) or only occasionally (for example, once or twice a year). The tendency of this virus to establish itself in the nerve collections (called ganglia) under the skin is responsible for the recurrences. Repeated episodes occur when the virus is reactivated by: Fever; Systemic (body-wide) infection;, Ultraviolet radiation (like a sunburn); Stress; hanges in the immune system; Trauma.

Genital herpes: A viral infection transmitted through intimate contact with the moist mucous linings of the genitals. This contact can involve the mouth, the vagina or the genital skin. The herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) enters the mucous membranes through microscopic tears. Once inside the body, HSV-2 travels to nerve roots near the spinal cord and settles there permanently. When an infected person has a herpes outbreak, the virus travels down the nerve fibers to the site of the original infection and when it reaches the skin, the classic redness and blisters occur. Outbreaks of genital herpes are closely related to the functioning of the immune system. Women who have suppressed immune systems, either through stress, disease, or medications, have more frequent and longer-lasting outbreaks. The antiviral drug valacyclovir (Valtrex), taken once a day, has been found to reduce the shedding of HSV-2 on genital mucosal surfaces and to reduce the rate of transmission of genital herpes among discordant couples (couples in which one partner is HSV-2-positive and the other is HSV-2-negative). The US Food and Drug Administration approved the use of valacyclovir (Valtrex) for the prevention of sexual transmission of HSV infection. Results of nationally representative study show that genital herpes infection is common in the United States. Nationwide, 45 million people ages 12 and older, or one out of five of the total adolescent and adult population, are infected with genital herpes (herpes simplex virus type-2).

Fever Blisters A small sore situated on the face or in the mouth that causes pain, burning, or itching before bursting and crusting over. The favorite locations are on the lips, chin or cheeks and in the nostrils. Less frequented sites are the gums or roof of the mouth. Fever blisters are caused by herpes simplex virus type 1. It lies latent (dormant) in the body and is reawakened (reactivated) by factors such as stress, sunburn, or fever from a wide range of infectious diseases including colds. Recurrences are less common after age 35. Sunscreen (SPF 15 or more) on the lips prevents recurrences of herpes from sunburn. The virus is highly contagious when fever blisters are present. It is spread by kissing. Children become infected by contact with someone who has a fever blister and then they spread the virus by rubbing their cold sore and touching other children. A person with fever blisters should be careful not to touch the blisters and spread the virus to new sites, such as the eyes or genitals. There is no cure for fever blisters. Medications that can relieve some of the pain and discomfort include ointments that numb the blisters, antibiotics that control secondary bacterial infections, and ointments that soften the crests of the sores. Acyclovir, an antiviral drug, prevents the herpes simplex virus from multiplying and, in pill form, has been reported to reduce the symptoms and frequency of recurrence. Fever blisters have plagued people for thousands of years. In ancient Rome, an epidemic of fever blisters prompted Emperor Tiberius to ban kissing in public ceremonies. Today, fever blisters still occur in epidemic proportions. About 100 million episodes of recurrent fever blisters occur yearly in the United States alone. Fever blisters are also called cold sores, labial herpes (herpes labialis, in Latin) and febrile herpes (herpes febrilis, in Latin).

Herpes Treatment : Currently, there is no method to eliminate the herpes virus from its resting place in the nerve cells. Treatments are available, however, to help the infections heal faster and, if taken continually, to suppress most recurrences. OTC topical medications: Over-the-counter (OTC) topical products that state they are for herpes do absolutely nothing but make the skin tingle. These preparations have the effect of allowing the infection to heal in the same number of days as it would have done anyway. Topical anesthetics are sold that can be applied directly with a swab (often containing dyclonine or benzocaine, which are the local anesthetic agents). When large areas are affected by the herpes, a thick (viscous) preparation of the local anesthetic lidocaine is also available that can be used as a mouth rinse. However, swallowed lidocaine is hazardous because it anesthetizes (numbs) the inside of the mouth, the throat, and even the epiglottis (the cover to the windpipe). Children should probably not use such topical anesthetics for fear of aspiration (getting something they've swallowed down the wrong way into the lungs). Prescription-strength topical medications: Prescription- strength topical medicines (ones you put on the herpes sores) are not much more effective than OTC preparations. Patients who have a prodrome (a tingling or burning sensation which lets them know they are about to get a cold sore) can reduce the duration of their infection by applying acyclovir (Zovirax) ointment or one of its newer relatives, such as famciclovir (Famvir), valaciclovir (Valtrex), or penciclovir (Denavir). These medications are available only by prescription. (Their safety during pregnancy and nursing and their safety and efficacy for children under the age of 18 years have not been established.) Oral medications: Effective anti-herpes antibiotics include acyclovir (Zovirax), famciclovir (Famvir), and valaciclovir (Valtrex). (Again, the safety of these drugs during pregnancy, nursing, and in children under the age of 18 years has not been established.) All of these anti-herpes antibiotics are remarkably easy to tolerate and are generally free of side effects. When taken early, preferably during a prodrome, these drugs can limit the duration of the infection to some extent. They are also useful in helping prevent or minimize recurrences when taken for extended periods. This method is helpful for patients who experience frequent recurrences, or who have a particular event or situation (such as a wedding, honeymoon, or vacation) at which an unsightly recurrence would be especially unwelcome. Lysine supplements: Although the amino acid lysine suppresses the growth of the herpes virus in laboratory test tubes, taking lysine pills by mouth has not proved effective. What works in the lab doesn't necessarily work in a person, and that is the case with lysine. Nevertheless, some people find this over-the-counter remedy helpful.